As central command of the human nervous system, the brain is a symphony of billions of neural connections 鈥� each inextricably linked to听every facet of our being.听
Genetic, environmental, cellular and molecular factors have a profound impact during development in early childhood through adolescence. Neuroscience听has shown that the brain is as sensitive as it is captivating, as quick to learn as it is vulnerable to trauma.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, 61 percent of adults have experienced at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) in their lifetime听鈥� incidents of physical, emotional or sexual abuse; neglect; witnessing acts of violence, substance abuse or mental health issues; natural disasters;听grief and loss.
Understanding the needs and expectations of the developing nervous system and the neural architecture that guides everyone from early childhood听through adolescence and into adulthood is at the core of the Developmental Neuroscience and Brain Health Community-Engaged Research courses,听both taught by Nancy Michael, the Rev. John A. Zahm, C.S.C., Associate Teaching Professor and director of undergraduate studies in neuroscience听and behavior.
As part of these courses, Michael鈥檚 students work with area organizations such as the Robinson Community Learning Center, the South Bend Center听for the Homeless, the Family Justice Center of St. Joseph County, Beacon Health System and the St. Joseph County Department of Health to apply the principles of neuroscience in programs听that can impact children and adults at different stages of development.
(Photo by Barbara Johnston/University of Notre Dame)
By working with these partners, the听goal is to create healthier communities,听
develop a better understanding听of human resilience and help individuals听and communities live closer to the way our human nervous systems expect for wellness 鈥� a paradigm shift to how we live now, Michael said.
鈥淲e have a biological imperative to have people consistently caring for us, a place in the world and a purpose,鈥� Michael said. But the reality, she said, is too often听too many do not experience healthy, consistent care, and cultural norms in the United States around success and rugged individualism can perpetuate the belief that asking for听help at any age is a sign of weakness 鈥� 鈥渨hich is a complete contradiction to a foundational imperative that all human nervous systems need for health and well-being across a lifespan.鈥�
Adversity is embedded in the human experience and there are different dimensions of experience that can become traumas, Michael said. What often becomes trauma evolves in the developing or developed brain听when the expectations from the environment 鈥� consistent, responsive and compassionate care; regular fresh air; body movement; three-dimensional multi-sensory experiences 鈥� go unmet.听
The further one鈥檚 experience is from the brain鈥檚 expectations, the听greater the vulnerability of the nervous system 鈥� what initially begins as an adaptation to a particular environmental听experience can have a domino effect within our neural circuitry, damaging brain cells in the hippocampus,听impairing cognition and memory, leading to an increased risk of anxiety, depression and chronic illness in adults. This is why positive听relationships become so critical in tipping the scales, and protecting individuals across all periods of life.
With all people, and especially those of us who have had a harder go of it, Michael says, the opportunity is to听take what we know about the 鈥渘on-negotiables鈥� for brain health, and do our best to care for ourselves and others, in听ways that all brains expect.
Health care systems have identified childhood trauma as a primary community health concern, and ACEs have been linked to at least听five of the top 10 leading causes of death in the country. Prevention could result in 21 million fewer cases听of depression, 1.9 million fewer cases of heart disease and 2.5 million fewer cases of obesity, and annual health听care savings of billions of dollars.
Area health care workers, social workers and law enforcement officials recognize the problems associated with ACEs. What they need are solutions.
鈥淚f we wait for the hospitals, the policymakers or the system to solve these problems, more likely than not, those problems won鈥檛 get better 鈥斕齮hey鈥檙e more likely to get worse because we are abdicating our personal responsibilities for our own and each other鈥檚 well-being,鈥� Michael听said. 鈥淲e construct our sense of safety from the earliest stages through the care of others. We鈥檙e completely dependent upon care from others,听and while caregiving behaviors change and caregiving relationships change, we are never independent from how we are perceived and how听we are integrated into the broader community. We grow from being dependent to interdependent. We are obligated to one another on a biological听level, far beyond what most of us can fathom.鈥�
Through a combination of neuroscience, organizational change theory and community capacity building strategies, Michael and her students听work with their community partners to develop organizational strategies promoting trauma-informed care 鈥� aimed at shifting perspectives so听all people get the treatment they need with dignity, regardless of appearances.
鈥淭he community work is about communicating neuroscience clearly enough so that everyone develops an understanding of what all human听nervous systems expect,鈥� said Michael. 鈥淲hen we have a better understanding of what the nervous system needs, we do a听better job meeting those expectations for ourselves and for the people in our lives.鈥�
Frank Spesia, PACEs (positive and adverse childhood experiences) coordinator for the St. Joseph County Department of Health, said students听taking part in Michael鈥檚 courses are a 鈥渧aluable resource.鈥�
鈥淧eople are poorly educated in causality,鈥� Spesia said. 鈥淣euroscience, and this work with Nancy鈥檚 students, helps to connect the dots and show听how things don鈥檛 happen in a vacuum.听The thing we鈥檙e selling is so obvious when you hear it. We鈥檙e asking people to be nicer to each other.鈥�
The course teaches students how to apply neuroscience to real-world issues in communities with varying needs, but the education goes much deeper: teaching them how to use听their education in service to others.
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鈥淚n this work, you can鈥檛 follow a plan step by step,鈥� junior Tom Krapfl said. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 make a plan for the community based on your perceived听needs for them. You have to listen to what they really need. It鈥檚 different than any other work.鈥�
This semester, Krapfl is working with Self-Healing Communities of Greater Michiana, a coalition focused on building strategies and implementing听community change models driven by neuroscience to address trauma, healing and human resilience in area communities and organizations such as South Bend鈥檚 Center for Hospice Care.
Krapfl provides information about services available through hospice care, bridging what he called a 鈥渒nowledge gap鈥� between what people know and听what resources are actually available to them. He said he has been genuinely moved by his coursework with Michael, working with individuals going through the grieving process.
鈥淚t鈥檚 emotional work, seeing the kind of support caregivers need,鈥� he said.
Senior Lydia Liang works with the Robinson Community Learning Center鈥檚 preschool program, interacting with children ages 3-5, and said听she鈥檚 seeing a lot of children dealing with ACEs. They come to the RCLC with different听 experiences. Some are children of refugees, some are immigrants听and others are from within the local community.
鈥淭hey鈥檙e so young and already they have gone through so much,鈥� she said.听鈥淏ut there鈥檚 an opportunity to rewrite the stories these communities are used to. Seeing how many people live such a different life, it has put an emphasis on how important this work is. Every little听thing contributes in some way.鈥�
Michael said: 鈥淟iang鈥檚 project this semester involves incorporating neuroscience learnings into informational materials sent home to parents to听educate them on neuroscience and early childhood brain development.
鈥淭here鈥檚 not a single strategy that鈥檚 going to be universally adoptable. I鈥檓 a neuroscientist, and I believe in data.听But from an individual and community healing lens, when the person in front of me has experienced trauma and then feels hopeful that things can be different鈥攖hat is also a valid and听reliable measure. A lot of this work is about hope鈥攁nd igniting courage to take action.鈥�