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Notre Dame psychologist explores how children best learn math — and yes, timed practice helps

Author: Institute for Educational Initiatives

ND Experts

Nicole McNeil

Nicole McNeil

Psychology

Headshot of a woman with shoulder-length brown hair, smiling, wearing a magenta blazer and pearl necklace against a gray background.
Nicole M. McNeil (Photo by Matt Cashore/University of Notre Dame)

University of Notre Dame Professor of Psychology Nicole McNeil recently co-authored a report that examines the best way for children to learn arithmetic — whether that’s by memorizing number values and multiplication tables, or by studying math at a deeper, conceptual level.

The report, was published in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest andshows that children learn most effectively when instruction follows an evidence‑based cycle: grounding facts in conceptual understanding, using brief timed practice to make those facts automatic, and then returning to discussion and reflection to deepen that knowledge.

McNeil, a fellow with the , researches cognitive development, with a primary focus on how children think, learn, communicate and solve problems in mathematics.

In , she discussed the report that deepened understanding of how arithmetic fluency develops, why it matters and how educators can help students achieve it.

“We want to be clear: Educators don’t have to choose between timed practice and rich classroom discussions,” McNeil said in the interview. “A carefully structured approach — pairing brief, timed sessions that strengthen facts in memory with purposeful reasoning and discussion activities that weave those facts into an integrated knowledge network — gives students the fluency they need to succeed.”

Media contact: Carrie Gates, associate director of media relations,c.gates@nd.edu, 574-631-4313